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통화정책 중 양적 완화(QE)란 무엇인가요?

by 비번 잊어버림 2024. 5. 4.

 

 

 

 

 

 

양적 완화(QE)는 표준 통화 정책이 효과가 없을 때 중앙은행이 경제를 활성화하기 위해 사용하는 통화 정책 도구입니다. 이는 중앙은행이 통화 공급을 늘리고 대출과 투자를 장려하기 위해 공개 시장에서 장기 증권을 구매하는 것을 포함합니다. QE의 작동 방식과 그 의미에 대한 자세한 분석은 다음과 같습니다.

1. 양적완화의 목적
QE는 일반적으로 인플레이션이 매우 낮고 경기 침체 기간이나 경기 침체 기간에 사용됩니다. 주요 목표는 다음과 같습니다.


대출 및 채권에 대한 이자율이 낮습니다.

기업과 소비자의 대출을 장려합니다.

경제 활동을 자극합니다.

인플레이션을 목표 수준으로 높입니다.

2. 양적 완화의 작동 방식

자산 구매: 중앙은행은 은행 준비금을 생성하고 이를 사용하여 자산, 일반적으로 국채, 때로는 회사채와 같은 기타 증권을 구매합니다. 이는 이러한 자산에 대한 수요를 증가시켜 가격을 높이고 수익률(이자율)을 낮춥니다.

통화 공급 증가: 중앙 은행은 이러한 자산을 구매함으로써 금융 시스템에 유동성을 직접 주입하여 통화 공급을 늘립니다.

은행에 미치는 영향: 은행 준비금 증가는 은행이 소비자와 기업에 더 많은 대출을 하도록 장려하여 지출과 투자 증가를 촉진하기 위한 것입니다.

이자율 인하: QE는 소비자가 대출 및 주택담보대출에 대해 지불하는 이자율을 포함하여 경제 전반에 걸쳐 이자율을 낮춰 소비자 지출과 주택 시장 활동을 촉진할 수 있습니다.

삼. 양적완화의 효과

금융 시장: QE는 낮은 수익률로 인해 투자자들이 주식을 포함한 다른 자산군에서 더 높은 수익률을 추구하게 되므로 주식 및 채권 가격을 상승시킬 수 있습니다.

통화 관련: 통화 공급을 늘리면 QE는 통화 가치 하락으로 이어질 수 있으며, 이로 인해 수출 경쟁력이 높아지지만 수입 가격도 높아질 수 있습니다.

인플레이션에 대하여: 경제 활동 증가와 통화 공급 증가는 인플레이션율을 높이는 것을 목표로 하며, 인플레이션 폭주를 유발하지 않고 경제가 이를 흡수할 여유가 있다는 가정하에 이루어집니다.

4. QE에 대한 비판과 위험성

인플레이션: QE가 제대로 실행되지 않으면 과도한 인플레이션을 초래할 수 있습니다. 특히 경제 생산량에 비해 화폐 공급이 너무 빠르게 증가하는 경우 더욱 그렇습니다.

자산 거품: QE는 투자자들을 더 위험한 자산으로 밀어붙임으로써 주식 시장과 부동산의 자산 거품을 부풀릴 수 있습니다.

소득 불평등: 비평가들은 QE가 자산 가격을 불균형하게 인상하여 이미 자산을 소유한 사람들에게 혜택을 줌으로써 소득 불평등을 증가시킬 수 있다고 주장합니다.

수익률 감소: QE를 더 많이 사용할수록 효과가 떨어질 수 있다는 우려가 있습니다. 특히 근본적인 경제 문제가 해결되지 않는 경우에는 더욱 그렇습니다.

5. 양적완화 종료
종종 "테이퍼링"이라고 불리는 QE 해제 과정에는 중앙은행이 신규 구매를 줄이거나 중단하고 증권이 만기됨에 따라 대차대조표가 점차 줄어들도록 허용하는 과정이 포함됩니다. 이는 금융시장과 경제 회복을 방해하지 않도록 주의 깊게 관리되어야 합니다.

양적완화는 경제와 금융시장에 큰 영향을 미치는 복잡한 도구이므로 중앙은행은 혜택과 잠재적 위험의 균형을 신중하게 조정해야 합니다.

 

 

 

Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy tool used by central banks to stimulate the economy when standard monetary policy does not work. This involves central banks buying long-term securities on open markets to increase the money supply and encourage lending and investment. Here is a detailed analysis of how QE works and what it means.

1. the objective of quantitative easing
QE is typically used during recessions or recessions with very low inflation. Here are the main targets.


Interest rates on loans and bonds are low.

It encourages businesses and consumers to lend.

It stimulates economic activity.

Raise inflation to its target level.

2. How Quantitative Mitigation Works

Buying assets: Central banks generate bank reserves and use them to buy assets, usually government bonds, sometimes other securities such as corporate bonds. This increases demand for these assets, increasing prices and lowering yields (interest rates).

Increased money supply: Central banks increase money supply by injecting liquidity directly into the financial system by purchasing these assets.

Impact on banks: The increase in bank reserves is intended to encourage banks to lend more to consumers and businesses, driving up spending and investment growth.

Interest rate cuts: QE can drive consumer spending and housing market activity by lowering interest rates across the economy, including those consumers pay for loans and mortgages.

3. Effects of quantitative easing

Financial Markets: QE may push stock and bond prices higher as lower yields cause investors to pursue higher returns in other asset groups, including stocks.

Currency-related: Increasing the money supply could lead QE to a depreciation of the currency, which would increase export competitiveness but also increase import prices.

On inflation: Increased economic activity and increased money supply aim to raise the inflation rate, and come on the assumption that the economy can afford to absorb it without triggering an inflationary runaway.

4. Criticism and Risk of QE

Inflation: If QE is not executed properly, it can lead to excessive inflation, especially if the money supply grows too fast relative to economic output.

Asset Bubbles: QE can inflate asset bubbles in the stock market and real estate by pushing investors toward riskier assets.

Income Inequality: Critics argue that QE could increase income inequality by disproportionately raising asset prices, benefiting those who already own them.

Decreasing returns: There are concerns that the more QE you use, the less effective you can be, especially if the underlying economic issues are not addressed.

5. End of quantitative easing
Often referred to as "tapering," the QE release process involves allowing the central bank to reduce or stop new purchases and allow its balance sheet to gradually shrink as securities mature. This should be carefully managed so as not to disrupt financial markets and economic recovery.

Quantitative easing is a complex tool that greatly affects the economy and financial markets, so central banks must carefully balance benefits and potential risks.